The Orchard, The Arts, the Christian Faith
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I’m in England right now, photographing ancient New Testament manuscripts housed at various colleges of Cambridge University. The name ‘Cambridge’ evokes respect, wonder, even a certain awe. It’s a conglomerate of 31 colleges, spreading out from the 13th century on, and sprawling out from the center of town (which is, technically, Great St Mary’s Church, across from King’s College). (One of the most recent, Darwin College, is shaped like Noah’s ark to mock the biblical story of the flood and creation. But Trinity College, where Isaac Newton taught, allows no Trinitarians into its halls; I understand that one has to be an atheist, or at least an agnostic to be a part of that college, whose focus is mostly on mathematics and the sciences.) The street names change every block—a most irritating feature for those of us who are already directionally challenged. (When I was living here during one of my sabbaticals, when walking home from the grocery store one day I got so lost that the milk soured by the time I got home!) But the street names also have a certain logic for they are often named after the most prominent institute on that street. Thus, King’s Parade is named after King’s College; Queens’ Lane after Queens’ College, etc.
Well, after a terribly busy week shooting manuscripts, we decided to take a break on Saturday and visit the Orchard in Grantchester, just a couple miles from Cambridge. The Orchard is on a spot that has been frequented by Cambridge students and alumni for over seven hundred years. But in the early twentieth century, it took on a new significance. A shack was bought by an entrepreneurial litterateur (Rupert Brooke, poet) who shared it with his colleages. Seven friends would come here frequently to talk about life, love, logic, and literature. Famous friends, too: Forster and Virginia Woolf, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Maynard Keynes (economist), and Augustus John (artist).
These were not your normal pillars of the community. They were wild, creative, energetic, passionate, troubled, deeply feeling individuals. Wittgenstein, the brilliant logician-philosopher, came from a family full of musicians and artists, and full of inner turmoil. Three of his four brothers had committed suicide. Virginia Woolf, the novelist, was in many ways a free spirit—freedom that bore deep and passionate literary fruit. She later committed suicide because of the challenges of facing depression. Bertrand Russell, a genius in math, logic, and philosophy, and a social activist whose views anticipated the great social revolutions of the 60s, fit in well with this group. Augustus John lived with two wives and ten naked children who ran wild in the woods near Cambridge. And the list goes on. But my point is simple: these were creative geniuses, social odd-balls, comrades in countercultural values. But they weren’t just that; they also changed the world in which we live. They changed the way we think and talk about life, love, logic, and literature.
So here we were, sitting at a table having tea and crumpets at the world-famous Orchard, thinking about the great thinkers who had gone before. And we wrestled with the thread that seemed to bind them all together: they were not normal. They were troubled souls, in deep turmoil, social outcasts to some degree, yet with such innate qualities that society could not ignore them. In the end, society embraced their views and their lifestyles and those of others like them in other orchards in other parts of the world.
It got me to thinking: First, did these people really make a contribution? I could not deny it. They offered the world a great deal, and certainly got people to think. In one way or another, the world is a richer place because of the Bertrand Russells, the Ludwig Wittgensteins, the Virginia Woolfs. Second, if this is the case, then where is God in all this? Why does he allow the most troubled often to be the ones who marshal change, who serve as beacons for society when their own lives are in shambles? Is he some sort of cosmic sadist who gets joy out of using the least normal, the most disturbed, the least Christian to bring about progress in the world? Or should I instead say that this isn’t the case—that these people have made no contribution, that their lives as unbelievers renders them worthy of our judgment or pity or both, but nothing more? In other worlds, how do I reconcile my belief in an all-knowing, all-good, all-holy God with a world that seems tailor-made for the destruction of brilliant and passionate thinkers, using them up all too often as they curse God in their dying gasp of air? What I’m saying is that I want these thinkers, these world-changers to go on challenging the status quo, getting the rest of us to grapple with our views and worldviews. And I want God to get the glory for it. Am I worshiping the wrong God? He just doesn’t seem to be involved in the wrecked lives of geniuses. Is he the God of the mediocre? Can Christianity produce world-shakers who are not so full of inner turmoil that their lives, and not just their words or art or music, also glorify God? Or is it a prerequisite for greatness that one just has to be a little nuts, a little imbalanced, a bit of a misfit—and an antagonist of the Almighty?
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Matthew Glock on 02 Sep 2008 at 12:57 am #
Hello Dan,
That’s a great post and I don’t for a second think I can offer an answer. What it reminds me of is a quote (or at least a rough paraphrase) from Pete Rollins. Don’t ask me if I know God, ask me what I do with what I know about God.
Observations like the one you offer, push me to live more fully and love more deeply. And maybe in God’s grace I’ll make a difference in one of those lives you talked about.
For info, I graduated from DTS in 1991 with a ThM. I don’t believe I took a class with you. In 2002 I met a guy called Tallskinnykiwi… and with great delight learned he was related to you through his wife. That led me to finding this blog and I’ve enjoyed reading you ever since.
God bless and keep up the good work.
Matt
bethyada on 02 Sep 2008 at 5:31 am #
Again, this is exciting stuff you are doing. Have you seen this article about the dead sea scrolls being uploaded?
I must say I disagree with your conclusion. I think the situation of 20th century scholarship is clouded by the liberalism of the day. Post enlightenment pride in humanity’s accomplishments. At other times many, most scholars were god-fearing. See Newton, Kepler, Copernicus, Maxwell, Pascal, Pasteur,…
That God gives intellect does not equate with moral uprightness, and many an intellect did little with his talents squandering his life on immoral pleasures, we just don’t hear of them. And the examples you gave make for interesting reading (their social life I mean) in the current age whereas they may have been more despised in other times.
Further, while some of them made significant contributions, many men offered foolishness dressed up in philosophical finery which was praised by others more foolish still. While challenges can sharpen one’s intellect, no small amount of so-called “scholarship” is untruth to a very deep level.
I think many of the truly greatest intellects were those who honoured God in their endeavours. They are also, in my opinion, the least likely to be tricked by false ideology.
ChestertonianRambler on 02 Sep 2008 at 9:16 am #
I think there is often something unbalanced in many great thinkers–if only because (by definition) they have a certain exceptional intensity and focus that escapes the normal.
I think that often, the greatest intellectuals also come to their ideas out of a sense of pride. Recent psychological research have talked about the difference between “self efficacy” (the confidence that, in one area, one can do something great despite the world’s discouragement) and “self esteem” (the confidence that one is just generically great), but I think for a lot of thinkers innovative ideas come from a self-centered egotism. They think they are better than others, and therefore drive themselves to continuously prove it.
I don’t want to argue that Tolkien was as brilliant a thinker as Woolf or Wittgenstein, but I think he wrote a short story that brilliantly captures the tensions of the Christian artist. In “Leaf by Niggle,” the eponymous protagonist is compelled to paint a tree which he feels is full of exquisite and transcendent beauty. At the same time, he realizes that his act of creation often takes up time that could be spent loving his neighbor, an old man with a leaky roof and other physical needs. The dilemma seems clear: Niggle can either recklessly pursue his internal vision (and do “great things”), or he can love and serve his neighbor (a virtuous but mediocre activity.) As a Christian, the idea of becoming a “great man” cannot supersede the common duties towards God and man.
The conclusion to “Leaf by Niggle” is the hope (I think) of every Christian who feels driven to some act of greatness–on earth only a single leaf is preserved in the dusty corner of a museum, but in Purgatory God finds Niggle’s vision incredibly useful for the purpose of leading people on towards the Mountains (i.e. Heaven.) Essentially his incomplete work is made real, unexpectedly in cooperation with his neighbor (who loved gardening). But on Earth Niggle remains in obscurity because he didn’t allow art to become his god.
Truth Unites... and Divides on 02 Sep 2008 at 12:08 pm #
To the degree that I’m able, I worship God on His terms.
Not on what or how I think He should be.
He is God. I am not.
That doesn’t mean I don’t wonder about things. But it does mean that I yield and surrender with joy and thanksgiving.
Eclectic Christian - Michael Bell on 02 Sep 2008 at 12:36 pm #
It seems to me that God seems to use the young and impudent the most. (Think David, Gideon, Jeremiah) Maybe what they have in line with the others you have mentioned is that they are the ones that are least likely to be constrained by what others think about what God wants them to do.
Bill on 02 Sep 2008 at 5:11 pm #
There are many things about christendom today that disturb me greatly. But I don’t know if you’d care for a Kingdom shaker as much as a world shaker?
If so, and if I’m able to write about what I see in a way that produces positive change, that will be good. But crusading is always a personal mission, and christian or not, tends to be self-driven. God’s purpose is higher than all my thoughts, and I can only pray my vision will benefit HIS work in the ways I believe that it might. And yet, if I have not love, I myself won’t be worth much on earth, in my time. So regardless of self, I have two tasks to accomplish: to SHAKE and to LIVE. The challenge is to remember which is most important.
Thanks very much for taking us to Cambridge for a moment, and for these thoughts.
Dan Wallace on 02 Sep 2008 at 5:43 pm #
Folks, I love this exchange! You all come at this with different perspectives, which is exactly what I was hoping would be the case. This discussion reminds of the difference between Justin Martyr and Tertullian, both great defenders of the faith long ago. Tertullian gave no quarter and saw virtually no good in the world around him. Justin was the opposite: he was conciliatory, even to the point of justifying the faith in terms of Greek philosophy. In the NT, I think we see some similar patterns: the author of Hebrews seems to have been indebted to Greek philosophy, especially neo-platonism to a degree, while others (like Matthew) were far less comfortable with such an integrated view of things.
I think it should go without saying that I would rather invest my life in promoting the kingdom of God than in being a world shaker. But my dilemma is that many of the world shakers have also made a huge impact on the faith. And unless I can appreciate what they have done–and learn from them–I will be bound by my own cultural views which are certainly not fully Christian, all the while calling my own cultural views Christian.
One way I think about this is that the Imago Dei or image of God is something that cannot be eradicated, but it can be (and always is) distorted. This goes for the individual as well as for society. Today’s postmodern world is a product of such a distorted Imago Dei, just as modernism was a societal distortion of the Imago Dei. What I find most intriguing is that many apologists today seem rather uncomfortable with postmodernism but wholly at home in modernism. Neither is our home. But just as each individual and each culture distorts the Imago Dei, each also possesses aspects of it that are not twisted. In this respect, I think that what Wittgenstein, Russell, etc. accomplished was a mixture of their God-given talents with a distortion of such. As a believer, I want to appreciate the accomplishments that they made that have benefited humanity (just as I can appreciate the accomplishments of Plato, Gandhi, and Einstein, to name a few), even though I recognize that they were not Christians.
The question that each of us needs to ask is whether we can appreciate the best that the world has to offer while critically examining the world itself. Or do we have to paint a black-and-white picture that in fact paints us into a corner? One of the things I have learned in biblical studies is that non-Christians often have done the best work, have created genuinely worthy exegesis, lexical and grammatical studies, historical treatments, and the like. If I had to restrict myself to only what Christians have produced, my own study of the Bible would be immeasurably impoverished. And so would yours, since there is a vast sea of scholarship that forms the foundation of how we think about the message of the Bible today. And this foundation is not always visible.
In short, I think we need to have a critical eye at BOTH the Christian community and the non-Christian community. Yet we can learn from both because God is the God of all truth.
RonH on 02 Sep 2008 at 6:58 pm #
Sometimes unfortunately it seems to necessitate the non-Christian (or anti-Christian) world to spur on the Christian world. How much early theology wasn’t really worked out until it was challenged? I haven’t read the church fathers deeply, but much of what I have read seems to be responses to challenges from without. One wonders how much writing the church would have produced from that era had it not been for the threats.
Closer to home, perhaps: it is the Bart Ehrmans of the world who, with their assaults on the reliability of the NT, provoke complacent Christians to wrestle with the realities of how their holy writ came to be. I know that’s nothing new in academia, but down here in the ordinary pew it seemed to me that textual criticism was practically an unheard-of topic pre-Ehrman. (And God bless folks like Dr. Wallace who’ve done a fantastic job of responding to the challenge in a way that non-seminarians like me can follow!)
And nothing’s forced me to think through my faith quite like the challenges posed to me by my highly rational, highly intelligent, atheist colleagues at work.
Often, like mules, we won’t move forward unless there’s something threatening to beat us. (One can go many interesting places from here…….)
RonH on 02 Sep 2008 at 7:11 pm #
One other comment. Alister McGrath in his book The Twilight of Atheism makes the case that enlightenment rationalism, atheism, and related philosophies are the unfortunate and rebellious offspring of Christianity itself, and more specifically the Protestant Reformation. I think he’s on to something… If so, then perhaps some of the souls to which Dr. Wallace refers are in a sense our own fault, much like an angry disturbed child might be the fault of abusive parents. There were directions the church took post-Reformation that ended up provoking the Voltaires and Bertrand Russells (and Richard Dawkinses and Bart Ehrmans, et al) of the world. I think we have to own up to this, to some extent. Perhaps if we did, the Church’s reaction to them would be less of condemnation and more that of a parent who realizes that he has let down the child given into his care…
C Michael Patton on 02 Sep 2008 at 11:02 pm #
Ron, I agree, but I think that what we are at fault for in this postmodern gen will make those guys look like saints.
bethyada on 03 Sep 2008 at 6:14 am #
Wallace This discussion reminds of the difference between Justin Martyr and Tertullian, both great defenders of the faith long ago. Tertullian gave no quarter and saw virtually no good in the world around him. Justin was the opposite: he was conciliatory, even to the point of justifying the faith in terms of Greek philosophy.
Reading this makes me wonder if I am to be considered Tertullian
So I just wish to clarify.
I do not doubt that there is some good in those outside the faith. I agree the imago Dei is important, even if it is broken.
My focus was on the idea of genius. Genius needs both excellent intellect and grounding in truth. False philosophy can lead far away from this. A good dog can only become a bad god but an angel can become a demon (to paraphrase Lewis).
If Keynes economic theories, for example, are disproven, then he is not a genius, he was completely wrong.
While error may spur us on to great ideas, I do not include errant men in the genius category.
So while grounding in truth can be outside Christendom, it is more likely within it. And those who reject Christianity but remain parasitic on its philosophy and are also intelligent can be geniuses.
As society abandons truth, then the arts will go before the humanities before the soft sciences before the hard sciences. And maths and logic will remain the longest.
And I still stand by my claim that many of the world’s geniuses were Christian.
Carrie on 03 Sep 2008 at 12:52 pm #
Hi Dan,
This is a great post.
I don’t think He is the God of the mediocre by any means. I think however that believers seem to push for that in the arts but maybe I can rant about that a bit later.
I don’t quite understand why it is always the case that the best music, and poetry and painting etc. seem to come from those who are in poverty, or struggling with some dark demon of vice, or those who are just simply nuts but it does almost seem to be an objective truth that, that is the case.
I do have to think of David actually. Look at the Psalms – that is some incredibly powerful poetry and a lot of it comes from very dark places in David’s mind. (I am of the opinion David was a bit nuts at times and loopy due to depression). Much of David’s musings were brought on by utter despair and feelings of hopelessness.
I think what maybe resonates with people is this despair. All humans are faced with despair, that is simply a part of living life out in a fallen world. The difference however with believers is we have someone to whom we can call and therefore there is light in midst of this darkness (as we see in David’s writings). That is something with which the world (unbelievers) can not identify.
That we can call out to God in our time of need, or that we have to maybe, just maybe doesn’t bode well with those who do not belong to God.
Where most people find themselves in their art, and use that as a means of release and ridding themselves of despair and pain, we as believers can use art as a means to express these things (that are true and do occur in our lives) but not use it as a means to rid ourselves of our problems. We certainly don’t use it to define our lives.
So maybe our art (art done by Christians) expresses not only the human condition but also the solution for it. A solution, a ray of light, hope etc. tends to take the edge off things and subsequently makes things seem less “arty” or legitimate in the eyes of the art “world”.
Just my thoughts.
Susan on 03 Sep 2008 at 3:06 pm #
There can be a very great difference between intelligence and wisdom. A person with a high IQ can produce great works of genius, and yet lack wisdom. A person who is Godless can posses ‘worldly wisdom’, which is derived largely from observing what ‘works’ and what doesn’t work, and making logical adjustments. Godly wisdom is much more than this, and it is possessed by Christians as given by God.
Bethyda brings up an interesting thing to contemplate when he says: “Genius needs both excellent intellect and grounding in truth”.
I’m thinking that it is quite possible for someone of great wisdom to produce something of genius, even if they don’t have a particularly high IQ…. or ‘excellent intellect’. This is a gift of God. Perhaps we can even think of this in terms of spiritual gifts.
Jonathan Edwards was considered to be very intelligent, but I suppose there have been other great teachers and evangelists who were not considered to be so intellectual, but were brilliantly used by a special gifting of God outside of that which was inborn.
Many godless geniuses have made great contributions which we all appreciate, as Dan submits. Some, such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins (genius by the IQ definition anyway…), may have produced works of genius in some fields, and unfortunate detours from God in others, because they lack wisdom. It is often the case that the godless intellectuals of our times stir up cause for the godly to rise up… to point out the illogic and hopeless emptiness of their conclusions, and to proclaim the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ in public forums!
Dan Wallace on 03 Sep 2008 at 8:20 pm #
Again, interesting perspectives from the reincarnation of Tertullian to armchair philosophers pondering on the wonder of the world. My own take is that I can deeply appreciate great music, great works of art, incredible cinematic achievements, marvels of engineering, political savvy, legal judgments that move one to desire a better world and strike awe in the beholder at the wisdom that God has given to human judges, scientific breakthroughs, entrepreneurial spirit and success, courage in the face of overwhelming odds–even if none of it had ever been produced by Christians.
Most of it has not, and I must both wonder what it is about our own Christian subculture that is not doing a very good job in creating such gifted individuals and why God has allowed these people such extreme success in life in spite of their own messed up spiritual values. In short, I can learn–and learn deeply–from those outside the faith WITHOUT putting blinders on about who they are. I can do this because they are still created in God’s image and have thus not destroyed all the good that is in them. And I can do this because I recognize that my own Christian subculture is defined by many not-so-Christian values. The Christian subculture in America is all too often simply a cheap knock-off of right wing politics that it hardly resembles the Christian faith as seen anywhere else on the planet.
When my oldest son went to college, he minored in philosophy. His favorite professor was an agnostic who tended toward atheism. My advice to Noah was not to get his Christian hackles raised, but to learn from this man. Learn deeply the arguments he had against God’s existence, discuss this with him, argue civilly and respectfully with him, and understand his own values and beliefs. I thought that this was a rare opportunity for my son to learn from one of the great thinkers at his university and to genuinely interact with what he had to say.
I believe the advice I gave him was solid. Noah not only learned to appreciate this professor, but also to engage in respectful dialogue with him. The feeling was mutual. The prof actually went to one or two of Noah’s swim meets, even though he had never darkened the door of any athletic competition at the university in all the decades he had taught there! A friendship was born, and Noah at one time had a great opportunity to speak to this professor about the gospel. By seeking understanding rather than taking a pugilistic stance, my son wore the gospel well.
What I’m getting at is that I think all too often we put up walls and act defensively. That posture can only feed anti-intellectualism and confirm us in our arrogance that we are right–even if the kind of Christianity that we are defending doesn’t resemble the historic Christian faith.
Susan on 04 Sep 2008 at 12:05 am #
Very insightful response Dan, you’ve given us good things to ponder. Thanks.
Susan on 04 Sep 2008 at 12:06 am #
Very insightful response Dan. You’ve given us good things to ponder. Thanks.